性别认同与法律实践：马来西亚性别转换手术及法律条款解析

陈金玉4 月 10, 2024已关闭评论0585

1）与其说一个人要 “变性”，”切🍌“，我们可以学习友善地说她/他要 “变身体”，或“跨性别”。
手术改变的是生理特征（身体），不是心理性别认同。因为在她/他的心里，她/他是女生/男生，身体却是男生/女生。
因此她/他要改变的，不是性别（gender），而是身体。

2）她/他说她/他换了新名字，那对她/他而言或许就是崭新的人生阶段（new phase of life）。类似一个人去算了名，觉得要用运名（新名字），迎接“新生”。
我们若无法苟同，没有关系。
但请学会尊重。或者最起码，学习默默滑过新闻。你如果认为她/他蹭流量，你可以退关注，无须消耗自己在对方身上。

3）我想我是幸运的。因为我自己心理性别认同及生理上性别都一致。
我无法逼自己认为自己是男性。
同样的道理，她/他心理上是A性别，生理上是B性别。你认为她/他能逼自己认为自己是B性别吗？
是她/他乱了（confused）？抑或是我们投向她/他异样的眼光，让她/他乱了？

4）她/他没有必要为了你的赞，而去做她/他还没有准备好的事。
Gender Reassignment Surgery 往往不可逆转（irreversible）。她/他知道自己还没准备好而“悬崖勒马”，而不是继续冲动进行，在我眼里，是明智之举。

5）尊重是什么？让别人用她/他的步伐过她/他的人生。
他的事，不是你的事，关你什么事？

6）马来西亚的IC，除了写明我们的性别，我们的IC号码也有分别 — 单数为男性，双数为女性。因此一个人做了换身体的手术后，须要处理IC的状况。

7) 来谈一谈一些法律知识。

根据 Arahan Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara Bil. 9/2007， Paragraph 5.7 –Penukaran Nama Kerana Menukar Jantina

5.7.1 Pindaan jantina dalam kad pengenalan adalah tidak dibenarkan kecuali atas Perintah Mahkamah.

5.7.2 Permohonan pertukaran nama kerana berlaku pertukaran jantina hendaklah mengemukakan dokumen-dokumen berikut:-

(a) Perintah Mahkamah yang mengandungi butir-butir pengisytiharan jantina baru pemohon;

(b) Surat pengesahan doktor Kerajaan (jika ada);

(c) Surat pengesahan pembedahan penukaran jantina yang dikeluarkan oleh Hospital berkenaan;
(d) Sijil Lahir (asal dan salinan).

8）这意味着：

（a）一个变了身体的人，须要获得法庭的庭令，才能向JPN申请修改IC。

（b）即使你拿到了庭令，似乎依然没有条文让你修改报身纸（Birth Certificate）。

（c）因此，可能就会出现这种不一致的情形 — 身份证写着新的性别，报身纸写着原本的性别。

9）简略地分享几个法律案例，仅供参考，以年份排列。为了顾及当事人的隐私，我用了“X X” 替代了当事人的名字。法律有时很技术性（Technical），就多看多听，慢慢跟上来。

每个案例的共同点就是当事人做了sex reassignment surgery，因此向法庭申请庭令，修改身份证的性别。

(a) 1st Case – WONG X X v. PENDAFTAR BESAR/KETUA PENGARA [2005] 1 CLJ 622

High Court

判决 – 申请被拒绝

判决原因（简略）:

A person who has undergone a sex change operation cannot be regarded as belonging to the sex for which reassignment surgery was undertaken.

Further, the words “man” and “female” in the relevant documents do not include persons of reassigned sex and should not be contrary to the biological characteristics of the person when born.

The reassignment surgery did not affect the status of the applicant’s true gender at the time of birth. The BC and IC were issued in accordance with the original identity of the applicant at the time of birth.

Further, this court had no power to grant the application on the ground that there was a gender reassignment surgery. There was also no express legislation to re-register the gender of a transsexual or register a transsexual under the guise of any error or fact or substance in the register pursuant to s. 27(3) of Act 1957 and s. 6(2) of Act 1959. An entry in the register book, too, is regarded as a record of fact at the time of birth and the BC constitutes a document revealing not current identity but historical facts.

(b) 2nd case – J-G v. PENGARAH JABATAN PENDAFTARAN NEGARA [2005] 4 CLJ 710

High Court

判决 – 申请成功

判决原因（简略）:

In the instant case, the medical evidence clearly indicated that the plaintiff was female. The plaintiff felt like a woman, lived as a woman, behaved liked a woman, had a physical body of a woman and most importantly, had the psychological thinking of a woman. When determination of a person’s sex is based on medical evidence, the courts should play their part and grant relief according to justice.

All these would give full effect to art. 5(1) of the Federal Constitution which states that “no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty save in accordance with law.”

（c）3rd case – X CHAN v. KETUA PENGARAH JABATAN PENDAFTARAN NEGARA [2013] 4 CLJ 627

Court of Appeal (上诉庭)

判决 – 申请被拒绝

判决原因（简略）:

There was no evidence, medical and psychiatric, from experts in Malaysia as to

(i) what was gender,

(ii) what made a person a male or female; or

(iii) whether sex reassignment surgery changes a person’s gender to warrant a change of the gender description in that person’s identity card.

（d） 4th Case – FAU X X v. KETUA PENGARAH JABATAN PENDAFTARAN NEGARA [2015] 1 CLJ 803

High Court
判决 – 申请被拒绝

判决原因（简略）:
A scrutiny of the medical reports submitted showed that none of the medical officers had given evidence pertaining to the chromosomal factor. It covered only the gonodal factors. None of the medical officers gave evidence pertaining to the genital factor which involves internal sex organs and functions. The medical officers did not give evidence pertaining to what could be defined as gender as a female and as a male or to what are the characteristics of a male and a female. Psychological factor alone or gonodal factors were not sufficient to assess the applicant’s sexual condition.

The medical officers failed to give evidence pertaining to whether sex reassignment surgery changes a person’s gender to warrant a change of the gender description in that person’s identity card, based on the requirements laid out in case law.

（e）5th Case – TAN X X v. KETUA PENGARAH JABATAN PENDAFTARAN NEGARA [2016] 8 CLJ 427

High Court
判决 – 申请成功

判决原因（简略）:

With the advent and advances of modern medicine, surgery and enhancement of human knowledge it is now medically possible to achieve gender reassignment via delicate plastic and reconstructive surgery with the best possible outcome and to make the patient’s physical features correspond to the gender to which the patient feels he or she belongs to. Based on the photographs exhibits taken after the gender re-assignment surgery, it was clear that, for all outward appearances, the plaintiff looked like and had all the physical features and characteristics of a robust male person. The medical evidence presented in this case individually, collectively and unambiguously concluded that the plaintiff was a male.

A declaration to recognise the applicant’s re-assigned gender would contribute to certainty and avoid confusion a sell as conflict. In the present case, the plaintiff was, for all intents and purposes, a male person. It had been established that the medical profession had unambiguously determined that he was physically, anatomically and psychologically a male. As such, it only remained for the legal process to declare that he was a male person. Were it otherwise, then based on the plaintiff’s current legal status, society would be compelled to regard and accept him as a female and allow him, for instance, to use the female washroom and other gender sensitive facilities meant for members of the female gender.

10）希望想要变身体/跨性别的人，可以谨慎处理法律议题。

希望不需要变身体/跨性别的人，可以学习做性别友善者。

Tag性疑问性教育成人性变性性别认同马来西亚性别转换手术性别转换法律条款解析

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性别认同与法律实践：马来西亚性别转换手术及法律条款解析

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